Chaperonin‐containing TCP‐1 subunit 2‐mediated aggrephagy: A potential target for treating neurodegeneration

One of the major pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases is protein aggregation, which is frequently accompanied by neuronal loss and neuronal degeneration in many disease-specific brain areas. For example, the twomain neuropathological lesions inAlzheimer’s disease are plaques containing β-amyloid peptide and neurogenic fibre tangles consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau. In patients with Parkinson’s disease, Lewy bodies made of αsynuclein are frequently observed in the brain. Similarly, in patients with Huntington’s disease, which is caused by a mutation in a single gene, Huntingtin, expansion of a glutamine-encoding repeat in the first exon leads to Huntingtin (HTT) protein aggregation. In addition, aggregation of multiple proteins (e.g., SOD1, FUS, and TDP-43) has been reported in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.3 Researchers have speculated that autophagy, an essential process for the removal of protein aggregates, may underlie neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy is a bulk degradative process in which intracellular contents, such as misfolded proteins and damaged organelles, are degraded by the lysosome and recycled tomaintain normal cellular homeostasis. A class of autophagic receptor proteins selectively recognizes and facilitates the autophagic destruction of protein aggregates through a selective autophagy pathway, also known as “aggrephagy”.5 Accumulating evidence indicates that deficiency of selective

One of the major pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases is protein aggregation, which is frequently accompanied by neuronal loss and neuronal degeneration in many disease-specific brain areas. For example, the two main neuropathological lesions in Alzheimer's disease are plaques containing β-amyloid peptide and neurogenic fibre tangles consisting of hyperphosphorylated tau. In patients with Parkinson's disease, Lewy bodies made of αsynuclein are frequently observed in the brain. Similarly, in patients with Huntington's disease, which is caused by a mutation in a single gene, Huntingtin, expansion of a glutamine-encoding repeat in the first exon leads to Huntingtin (HTT) protein aggregation. In addition, aggregation of multiple proteins (e.g., SOD1, FUS, and TDP-43) has been reported in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 3 Researchers have speculated that autophagy, an essential process for the removal of protein aggregates, may underlie neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy is a bulk degradative process in which intracellular contents, such as misfolded proteins and damaged organelles, are degraded by the lysosome and recycled to maintain normal cellular homeostasis. A class of autophagic receptor proteins selectively recognizes and facilitates the autophagic destruction of protein aggregates through a selective autophagy pathway, also known as "aggrephagy". 5  autophagy is involved in a range of neurodegenerative disorders and that restoring its function can stop the spread of disease. 8 Ma et al. recently discovered an autophagy receptor that can facilitate the targeting of the autophagic membrane to protein aggregates and the removal of proteins that are prone to aggregation. 6 Using an in vitro reconstitution system to recapitulate autophagy recognition of protein aggregates, they identified multiple chaperone proteins that promoted the clearance of the aggregation-prone polyglutamine (polyQ)-HTT protein. Amongst the chaperones, the TRiC subunit chaperonin-containing TCP-1 subunit 2 (CCT2) had the most potent effect and was further studied. They found that CCT2 expression increased the clearance of multiple aggregation-prone proteins involved in neurodegeneration, including Tau (P301L), SOD1 (G93A), FUS (P525L), and polyQ-HTT. They also confirmed the effect of CCT2-enhanced clearance of polyQ-HTT in brains in a mouse model of Huntington's disease (polyQ [Q140] knockin).
Protein aggregation occurs through a phase transition process in which the aggregation-prone proteins form a liquid granule via phase separation, which has been considered physiological. Thereafter, the granule gradually ages to form a solid aggregate, or pathological deposit, in the cell. Previous studies have found that selective autophagy preferentially removes protein aggregates

CCT2-mediated autophagic clearance of aggregation-prone proteins CCT2
F I G U R E 2 Chaperonin-containing TCP-1 subunit 2 (CCT2) as a potential target against neurodegenerative diseases caused by protein aggregation. Protein aggregation is a pathological feature of several neurodegenerative diseases. The function of CCT2 in clearing aggregation-prone proteins through selective autophagy makes it a potential target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases that exhibit some liquidity. 7,10 Interestingly, the authors show that the ubiquitin-binding receptors P62, NBR1 and TAX1BP1 selectively clear liquid FUS (P525L). However, CCT2 prefers to remove cargos with little liquidity, and this preference is not due to alteration of the liquid-to-solid transition of the cargos. Given that solid aggregates are potentially dangerous components, the recognition and clearance of solid protein aggregates by CCT2-mediated aggrephagy may give CCT2 a unique significance in rescuing the disease process in neurodegenerative disorders.
In addition to functioning in aggrephagy, CCT2 is also a component of the chaperone complex TRiC, which maintains proteostasis by preventing protein folding and aggregation. 4 For example, it has been demonstrated that TRiC prevents the aggregation of mutant HTT proteins. 9 Therefore, expression of CCT2 may provide a dual beneficial effect-aggregation prevention and clearance (Figure 1). In fact, a recent study found a decrease in CCT2 levels during the aging process and in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. 1 This evidence supports the notion that restoration of CCT2 may be a potential strategy for preventing neurodegeneration associated with protein aggregation. Current treatments for neurodegenerative diseases include traditional pharmacological treatments, gene therapy, antibody-induced immunotherapy, and nanotechnology, few of which can reverse the clinical symptoms in higher severity patients. 2 CCT2's full involvement in preventing and clearing toxic protein aggregates makes it an enticing therapeutic target against neurodegeneration and other related diseases ( Figure 2).
The findings by Ma et al. provide a potential new focus for the treatment of neurodegeneration. Clinical trials and drug development for neurodegenerative disorders have often failed because of the complex pathophysiological changes occurring during the disease process; therefore, more in vivo experimental evidence is needed to determine whether CCT2 can be a potential therapeutic target against neurodegenerative diseases.